Responses to Heat and Cold Underwater

HEAT


Divers need to be more concerned about heat before and after a dive than during a dive. Even in warm water the body gets cool, so than the primary concern is with heat as a result of the above water activities.


When the body temperature rises, weather from a rise due to the exposure suit, or to the fact that the sun is out, or a combination of those, the body goes through several cooling mechanisms to protect the core temperature.

Initially, skin capillaries dilate, allowing heat from the blood to radiate to the skin. Perspiration follows, which cool the skin. If the core temperature remains high, the pulse races, to help circulate more blood to help cool the body. These responses continue until the core temperature returns to normal.

COLD



A diver's physiology also reacts the same to a temp drop to protect the core temperature. Water conducts heat more than 20 times faster than in air and requires much more heat to raise its temperature. This means temperature that seems just right in the air, may be considered cold underwater.

With out the proper exposure protection, the average diver will be dangerously cold in half an hour in 40 deg water. For the majority of divers, water must be warmer than 80 deg to dive with out a suit.

By insulating the diver, the suit will extend dive times by slowing the cooling process, and making the body efforts more effective.

Divers with more fat tissue tends to loose heat more slowly than those that are thinner.

As the body cools, temperature centers in the hands, feet and head trigger heat conserving response that begin a change in circulation. Blood flow to the extremities slows through vasoconstriction to reduce heat loss from the blood through the skin. If vasoconstriction does not sufficiently maintain the core temp then the body reacts by triggering shivering. Shivering signals a losing battle with the cold. Once this starts, you need to get out of the water and begin the warming process.

A diver extends the bodys ability to maintain the core temperature through proper use of exposure suits and diving techniques. The head loses heat because the body can not reduce blood flow to the brain. Therefore a wet suit hood makes a huge difference in reducing heat loss.

Now lets talk about wet suit compression. As you dive, the suit which has large air cells begin to shrink. Meaning that the deeper you go the less protection you have to the cold. And if the suit is old than the protection is lost to a greater extent.

Divers Alert Network (DAN)

If you are an active diver, you need what I am going to bring up next. Divers Alert Network (DAN) is an organization that offers dive insurance, and a multitude of training classes. It is not associated with any one dive organization, but to diving in general. At the present time there are at least 14 different classes offered. I am going to touch on a few of them here. If you ever have a chance to get to Durham, NC, stop in, they will give you a tour. In fact, they can also arrange for you to see the Chambers at Duke University Hospital.



Oxygen First Aid for Scuba Diving Injuries
As a recreational diver, you can receive training to provide vital first aid that can make a difference to a scuba diver with decompression illness. The DAN Oxygen Provider Course provides entry-level training in the recognition and management of possible diving-related injuries using emergency oxygen first aid.


Advanced Oxygen First Aid for Scuba Diving Injuries
This advanced-level program is designed to train existing DAN Oxygen Providers to use the MTV-100 or a Bag Valve Mask while providing care for a non-breathing injured diver.


First Aid for Hazardous Marine Life Injuries
Serious hazardous marine life injuries are rare, but most divers experience minor discomfort from unintentional encounters with fire coral, jellyfish and other marine creatures. This course teaches divers to minimize these injuries and reduce diver discomfort and pain.


On-site Neurological Assessment for Divers
Learn how to conduct a neurological assessment on a potentially injured diver in this course. The information gained in this assessment can help convince a diver of the need for oxygen first aid, and help a dive physician determine the proper treatment.


Diving Emergency Management Provider Program
Learn the knowledge and skills from several courses into one single approach to dive emergency management.


Diving Emergency Specialist (DES)
Learn about DAN’s new recognition program for divers who are interested in dive safety.


Diving Medical Technician
Take the next step in diving education. Become a DMT and learn about providing care for divers involved in dive accidents.

Click on this picture above to be taken directly to the Duke University Hyperbaric Chambers and Medicine Department. There is also a link to see the complete layout of the 7 chambers. Check out the photo album on the site for more pictures - (past and present).


Layout of Hyperbaric Chambers Check this out, you will be amazed.


Click on these two pictures to see an enlarged view of the control panels. Click on the above small pictures to go to DAN Specialty Courses.
There is more to DAN then I can cover here in this short time. You need to go to the web site and check it out. Divers Alert Network

Better Watch Out If You Hold Your Breath Underwater

There are 4 types of injuries that can occur to the lungs by holding your breath on ascent.
LUNG EXPANSION INJURIES IN GENERAL
Most body air spaces respond to pressure decrease with neither complications nor voluntary action by the diver. The Lungs respond to this as well, provided the diver breathes continuously to them keep equalized to the declining pressures. If the diver holds their breath or air traps within a section of the lungs, and as pressure declines expanding air will almost always cause an over-expansion injury.

The "GOLDEN RULE" in diving - never hold your breath while on scuba and while underwater. Panic and ignorance have been the causes of divers holding their breath. Nausea, choking and carelessness have also been causes to this as well.

Obstruction in the lungs may also trap air in certain parts and in effect "hold its breath." A chest cold, or respiratory infection can cause mucus accumulation and cause an obstruction. Smoking has also been implicated in these injuries.

Lung injuries can occur from even a small amount of over-pressurization. Research has shown that starting with full lungs, holding ones breath and surfacing can have an injury in as little as a 3 to 4 feet distance.

Rather than the lungs bursting like a balloon, an over-pressurization tears the lungs. The injury does not occur from the tear to the lungs, but from the air escaping and entering the tissues and / or the bloodstream. Lung injuries can result in 1 of 4 ways: Air embolism, Pneumothorax, mediastinal emphysema, and subcutaneous emphysema.

Any lung injury causes pulmonary capillaries and alveoli to rupture, mixing blood and air in the lungs. This results, often times, to the victim coughing up blood.


AIR GAS EMBOLISM (AGE)
This is the most serious type of lung over-pressurization injury. This results was the air enters the blood stream from a rupture of the alveoli into the pulmonary capillaries, causing an air embolism or arterial gas embolism. Click on image for larger view.

An embolism is any foreign object that enters the bloodstream that blocks its flow. An air embolism is the same but now it is an air bubble that blocks the flow of blood. So as you ascend the once small bubbles become larger and larger due to the expanding nature of the ascent. This is a bubble on the arterial side of the circulation.

Air enters the bloodstream in the lungs flows through the pulmonary vein into the heart, to the left side of the heart into the aorta and then the arterial system. This air bubble can lodge almost anywhere in the circulatory system - can cause severe damage by blocking blood flow to the tissue.
The first main branch off the aorta which include the carotids. The carotids supply the majority of blood to the brain. If bubbles travel into the carotids, which is likely, they will go to the brain and cause cerebral air embolism.

The bubbles deny the brain of oxygenated blood, which causes a stroke. The symptoms include dizziness, confusion, shock, personality changes, unconsiouness, and death. Compared to DCS, the effects of cerebral air embolism and other lung injuries tends to be rapid and dramatic. DCS tends to be delayed.

If the bubbles were to miss the carotids and block the coronary arteries, the result would be a heart attack.

PNEUMOTHORAX
If the overpresurized lung tears at it surface, the expanding air leaks between the lungs and the pleural lining (chest wall), causing the lung to collapse, either partially or entirely. This collapsed lung is called a pneumothorax.

This is not nearly as life threatening as an AGE because the victim, in most cases, still has a working lung to breathe from. This collapse lung causes severe chest pain, and may cause the victim to cough up blood.

There is another form of this condition called spontaneous pneumothorax. This occurs with out the expansion of the lungs but through a weakness in the lung itself. This causes a sudden tearing and collapse of the lung.

This condition is uncommon, but can be more serious than the standard pneumothorax. especially if it happens underwater. This type can be aggravated on ascent, when the air pressing on the collapsed lung expands, increasing the pressure of the injured lung.

Since spontanous pneumothorax tends to recur, it inhibits further diving till surgery is performed to correct the problem. Since out a physician who specializes in pulmonary dive medicine. CLICK ON THE PICTURE FOR A BETTER VIEW


MEDIASTINAL EMPHYSEMA

Mediastinal means center of the chest.. This is sometimes called pneumomediastinum, is far less serious that air gas embolism and pneumothorax

This condition, air accumulating in the mediastinum presses on the heart and major blood vessels interfering with circulation. A victim may feel faint and short of breath due to impaired circulation. CLICK ON THE PICTURE TO SEE THE AIR BUBBLES IN THE MIDDLE OF THE CHEST.










SUBCUTANEOUS EMPHYSEMA

This occurs frequently with mediastinal emphysema as air seek its way from the mediastinum, and folowing the path of least resistence, into the soft tissues at the base of the neck.

Air accumulates under the skin in this area. This causes the victim to feel a fullness in the neck and to experience a voice change. The skin may crakle if touched. CLICK ON THE PICTURE TO SEE THE AIR RISE TO THE NECK REGION.









FIRST AID

The first aid for both the decompression sickness and lung overexpansion injuries are the same. You can say that the first aid for the Decompression illess injuries are the same. In fact you do not have to determine on site which you are dealing with to start giving aid to the diver.

Give 100% oxygen to the diver

Simply put, breathing 100% O2 accelerates diffusion of nitrogen from the body to slow and reverse bubble growth, and help bubble elimination. Breathing oxygen also raises the blood oxygen levels and maximizes the effectiveness of the blood that does reach the affected areas. Make sure the air ways are clear and treat for CPR if needed. The best first aid is to get them to a medical facility for proper care.


Now to the lung injuries FIRST AID

Three out of the four conditions are not immediately life threatening, the presence of any of these conditions indicates a lung over-expansion injury has occured. The AGE is the most life threatening and therefore when first aid is given, they treat any of these conditions as though they have AGE.

AGE needs immediate compression to diminish the bubbles in the bloodstream and force them into solution. This restores blood flow to the tissues. None of the other conditions require decompression, provided there is no AGE.

Pneumothorax requires surgical removal of the air from between the collapsed lung and the pleural lining, followed by a lung reinflation.

Mediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema will dissipate on their own as the blood slowly reabsorbs the trapped air. Breathing oxygen can speed up the reaborbtion process.

REMEMBER DO NOT HOLD YOUR BREATH WHILE DIVING ON SCUBA.